Great Landmarks in Human History
PALEOLITHIC ERA:
hunting & gathering, crude tools, magic and ritual, division of labor
NEOLITHIC ERA
¥ Development of food production
¥ Emergence of complex, specialized society
2 characteristics that led to development of "settlements"
¥ Irrigatable land
¥ Specialization of tasks ---> new, more specialized tools
¥ URBAN REVOLUTION - Early Bronze Age - c. 2500-2300 BC - "the birth of Civilization"
CIVILIZATION:
"a form of human culture in which many people live in urban centers, have mastered the art of smelting metals, and have developed a system of writing."
Cuneiform - birth of writing
SUMERIANS - "natives"
SEMITES - "New Kids on the Block"
1st Wave - Akkadians -----> SARGON
2nd Wave - Amorites or "Old Babylonians" (c. 1900 BC)
----> HAMMURABI (1792-1750 BC)
3rd Wave - c. 1600 BC - Hittites, Hurrians, Mittani & Kassites
4th Wave - Assyrians
Persia---->Macedonians---->Seleucids---->Parthians---->Romans---->Sassanids----> Arabs---->Mongols---->Ottoman Empire---->Great Britain---->Iraq
Amorites or "Old Babylonians" - Hammurabi
Assyrians ("Assyria" = "
Tiglathpileser (1115 - 1077 BC)
Ashurnasipal (1077 -
Ashurbanipal (668 - 627)
"New Babylonians"
626 BC - Nabopolasser wins control of
His son, Nebuchadnezzar II, built huge walls and gates, conquered and
destroyed
¥ dependent on the
¥ later urbanization
¥ use of hieroglyphics / demotic script
¥ development of papyrus
¥ advanced sciences, sites of libraries
¥ pharaohs, pyramids
¥ mythology - Osiris, Seth, Isis, Horus
¥ shifting religious coalitions
KUSH (
¥ historical, biblical references
¥ great mystery: language still untranslatable
¥3 main periods:
Early: 2400 - 2000 BC; Middle: 2000 - 1668 BC; Classic: 1668 - 1570 BC
¥ ritual burial
¥ Egyptian encroachment - Snefru (c. 2575)
¥ Kerma
¥ Sesostris I (c. 1915) -- named region
¥ Selima (Semna)
¥ invasion of Hyksos (c. 1700)
¥ Amenhotep I (1514-1493)
¥ re-emergence 1000-800 BC --->
¥ invasions, destruction of
AEGEAN CIVILIZATION
¥ Knossus
¥ Linear B
THE
INVASIONS (from Asia Minor - 2000 BC and
1) Acheans - 2000BC
2) Aeolians - 2000BC
3) Ionians - 1400BC
4) Dorians - 1150BC
800-600 BC - Archaic period
600-323 BC - Classical period
323-224 - Hellenistic Age
The "Hoplite Phalanx"
TYRANTS (700-500 BC)
Architecture:
1) Columns - a) Doric b) Ionian c) Corinthian
2) Buildings - a) Pantheon b) Temple c) Agora d) Theater
1st Messenian War
¥ helots ¥ perioikoi
2nd Messenian War (c. 650 BC) - Helots revolt
Peloponnesian League
LYCURGUS - developed a constitution
- 2 kings - 5 ephors
- Gerousia - Apella
-until 600 BC, 9 ARCHONS
AREOPAGUS (council of nobles)
DRACO - c. 621
SOLON - c. 524
FAILURE to prevent factionalism-----> tyranny
PEISISTRATUS - 1st tyrant
CLEISTHENES - 2nd tyrant
¥ Council of 500
¥ "demes"
THE STRATEGOI
GREATEST EXTERNAL THREAT TO
Cyrus the Great subdues
- Aristagoras - tyrant of
Cimon - son of Miltiades
Deterioration of
A) DELIAN LEAGUE A LIABILITY
B) Cimon's enemies ----------> Ephialtes and Pericles
C) Thasos asks
PELOPONNESIAN WARS
404 BC -
Philosophy
"Classical"
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Hellenistic
Epicurius (Epicureans)
Zeno of Citium (Stoics)
Pyrrho of
Etruscans
Romulus & Remus
Monarchy -----> Republic (509 BC) -----> Dictatorship
Role of women, family
Pyrrhus and the Samnites
Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
Marius & Sulla
Pompey
Triumverates
First Triumverate
- Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
Second Triumverate
-
also:
architecture, language, city planning
The "Pax Romana"
WHY DID
Gibbon - Christianity
Other causes cited...
Christianity
1) missionary zeal
2) exclusivity
3) willingness to suffer martyrdom
4) most from peasant class
5) irrational, "blind" optimism
6) uncompromising ethical code
7) tight organization
8) development of monasteries
Barbarians
Goths - "come to enjoy, not destroy"
Visigoths pushed west in L4C by Huns
¥ Visigoths, under Alaric, take lands by force
¥
Franks invade
¥led by
Ostrogoths seize Italian peninsula
¥ Theodoric their leader
¥ inventive, aggressive, unorganized
¥ comitatus, virgeld, compurgation
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
I -
II - Arab Expansion
III - Crusades
Founded by
Christianity made state religion by Theodosius
Justinian (527-565) & Theodora
¥ Corpus Iuris Civili
¥ extension of empire
¥ Hagia Sophia
1054 - East and Western churches split -----> iconoclasm
1071 - Seljuk Turks win Battle of Manzikert
1453 -
ISLAM
610 - birth of Islam
622 - the hegira (Year 0 in the Islamic calendar)
Mohammed leads Dar a Islam
Beliefs:
1) God is supreme
2) There 1 God -- Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet
3) Koran (Qur'an) in holy book
4) Prayer, fasting, pilgrimage (haj), almsgiving (zaka)
5)
6) All Moslems equal before God
7) Holy war (jihad) replaces blood feuds (razzia)
8) Polygamy allowed
Feudalism, Manorialism
"An honorable relationship"
Lord
Vassal
Serf
Technological, political, economic, social, religious developments
Eschete
Primogeniture
Fealty
Simony
Pluralism
Lay investiture
Henry I , Otto
Peter Damian, Humbert of Moyemontier
¥ Rise of papacy
¥ Hildebrandt ---> Pope Gregory
(Henry IV emperor -- too young to act)
1075 - Dictatus Papae
1076 - Diet of Tribur
1077 -
1122 - Concordat of
THE CRUSADES
Peasants' Crusade (1095)
First Crusade (1096-1099)
¥ Pope Urban II makes plea at Council of Clermont
¥ Christians take
¥ Crusader Kingdoms est'd.
(
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
¥ Promoted by Bernard of Clairveaux
¥ Conflict between King Louis VII & King Conrad III
¥ Emergence of Knights Templar
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
¥ Saladin unites Muslims against Crusaders
¥ 1187 - Horns of Hattin -----> Muslim armies seize vast territories
¥ Conflict between Philip II and Richard the Lion-Heart
Fourth Crusade
¥ Venetians encourage the sacking of
¥ Alexius promises to finance Crusade if they win him the throne
Children's Crusade (1212)
William the Conqueror
¥ born the illegitimate son of Robert I of
¥ 1035 - Robert dies
¥ 1042 - William knighted
¥ William unites with Baldwin of Flanders and seeks the hand of his daughter, Matilda
¥ 1051 - Baldwin and William in
¥ 1064/65 - Harold Godwin, who is Earl of Wessex
& Edward's brother-in-law, visits
¥ 1066 - Edward the Confessor dies.
A - Norwegians invade:
Tostig and Harald III Hardraade, Battle of
B - William invades -- Battle of Normandy
Henry II -- Theobald -- Thomas Becket
King John -- Magna Carta
High Middle Ages
Science --> Rise of the University
¥ 1st -
¥ reason for foundation
¥ Based on scholasticism
¥ Trivium and qudrivium
Thomas Aquinas -- "The Summa"
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR
¥ 1204-Loss of
¥ 1259-Henry III loses all French holdings except
¥ 1328-Edward III lays claim to French throne
¥ 1337-Philip VI seizes
War changes feudal system:
Reliance on peasant footsoldiers rather than knights
First Phase:
1346 -
1356 - Battle of
1359 - Peace of Bretigny
Second Phase:
1364 - Charles V recovers lost territory
1415 - Henry V invades, wins at
1429 - Joan of Arc makes her way to the court of the dauphin
Problems in the Church
I. Heresy
- Albigensians and Cathars
Response: the Inquisition
later the "Society of Jesus"
- Frederick II vs. Pope Gregory
- Pope Boniface VIII vs. Philip the Fair
¥ UNAM SANCTAM
- "Babylonian Captivity of the Church"
- "The Great Schism"
- Conciliar Movement